ʻO nā Bateri Lead-acid a me nā Bateri Lithium
1. Nā Bateri Lead-acid
1.1 He aha nā Bateri Lead-acid?
● Lead-acid pākahiko he waihona waihona nona nā electrodes i hana nui ʻiaalakaia me konaoxides, a nona ka electrolyteʻakika sulfuric solution.
● ʻO ka voltase inoa o ka pahu pahu alakaʻi-ʻakika hoʻokahi2.0V, hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka 1.5V a kau ʻia i 2.4V.
● Ma nā noi,6 keena hoʻokahiHoʻohui pinepine ʻia nā pākaʻi lead-acid i ka moʻo e hana i kahi inoa12Vpākahiko kēpau.
1.2 Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ʻana o ka Bateri Lead-acid
![ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka pilahi kaʻa kaʻa kalaiwa](http://www.cyclemixcn.com/uploads/Electric-motorcycle-lead-acid-battery-structure.jpg)
● Ma ka moku'āina hoʻokuʻu o nā pahu pahu-acid,ʻo ka mea nui o ka electrode maikaʻi ke alakaʻi dioxide, aʻo ke kahe o kēia manawa mai ka electrode maikaʻi i ka electrode maikaʻiʻole, aʻo ka mea nui o ka electrode maikaʻiʻole ke alakaʻi.
● Ma ka moku'āina hoʻopiʻi o nā pahu pahu-acid, nā mea nui o nā electrodes maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole ke alakaʻi sulfate, a ke kahe nei ke kahe mai ka electrode maikaʻi i ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole.
●ʻO nā ʻāpana graphene: graphene conductive additiveshoʻohui ʻia i nā mea electrode maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole,graphene composite electrode meahoʻohui ʻia i ka electrode maikaʻi, anā papa hana graphenehoʻohui ʻia i nā papa conductive.
1.3 He aha ka ʻike ma ka palapala hōʻoia?
●6-DZF-20:6 'o ia ho'i aia6 mānoanoa, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia mānoanoa ka volta o2V, a he 12V ka voltage i ho'ohui 'ia, a 'o 20 ke 'ano o ka mana o ka pila20AH.
● D (ka uila), Z (kokua i ka mana), F (pilikia mālama ʻole i hoʻoponopono ʻia i ka valve).
●DZM:D (ka uila), Z (kaʻa i kōkua ʻia i ka mana), M (pākaukau mālama ʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia).
●EVF:EV (kaʻa kaʻa), F (pilikia mālama ʻole i hoʻoponopono ʻia i ka valve).
1.4 ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka valve i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia
●ʻO ka pākaukau mālama ʻole i hoʻoponopono ʻia i ka valve:ʻAʻole pono e hoʻohui i ka wai a i ʻole ka waikawa no ka mālama ʻana, ʻo ka pākaukau ponoʻī he hale i hoʻopaʻa ʻia,ʻaʻohe leaka waika a me ka noe waika, me kahi palekana hoʻokahi alapahu hoʻopau, ke oi aku ke kinoea o loko i kekahi waiwai, e wehe koke ana ka pahu hoopau e hoopau i ke kinoea
●Hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka mālama ʻole ʻana i ka pākaukau lead-acid:ʻo ka pākaukau holoʻokoʻapaa loa (kaʻapuni ʻia ka hopena redox o ka pākaukau i loko o ka pūpū i hoʻopaʻa ʻia), no laila, ʻaʻohe "gasolua kino" e kahe ana i ka pākaukau mālama ʻole
2. Nā Bateri Lithium
2.1 He aha nā Bateri Lithium?
● ʻO nā ʻeke lithium he ʻano pākaukau e hoʻohanametala lithium or mea hao lithiumma ke ʻano he mau mea electrode maikaʻi/ʻino a hoʻohana i nā hoʻonā electrolyte wai ʻole.(Nā paʻakai Lithium a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik)
2.2 Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻana o ka pahu lithium
●Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pākahi Lithium i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: ʻO nā pākahi metala lithium a me nā ʻona lithium ion.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā ʻona lithium ion ma mua o nā pākahi metala lithium e pili ana i ka palekana, ka mana kikoʻī, ka helu hoʻokuʻu ponoʻī a me ka ratio hana-kumukūʻai.
● Ma muli o kāna mau koi ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe, ʻo nā ʻoihana wale nō ma nā ʻāina liʻiliʻi e hana nei i kēia ʻano pākaukau lithium metala.
2.3 Pākuʻi Lithium Ion
Na Mea Electrode Positive | Voltage Nominal | ʻAiʻi ikaika | Ola Kaapuni | Koina | Palekana | Manawa Kaapuni | Mahana Hana maʻamau |
Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) | 3.7V | Kauwaena | Haʻahaʻa | Kiʻekiʻe | Haʻahaʻa | ≥500 300-500 | Lithium hao phosphate: -20 ℃~65 ℃ ʻO ka lithium hoʻokahi: -20 ℃~45 ℃ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā pākahi lithium Ternary ma mua o ka lithium iron phosphate ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, akā ʻaʻole i kū like i nā wela kiʻekiʻe e like me ka lithium iron phosphate.Eia nō naʻe, pili kēia i nā kūlana kikoʻī o kēlā me kēia hale hana pākaukau. |
Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO) | 3.6V | Haʻahaʻa | Kauwaena | Haʻahaʻa | Kauwaena | ≥500 800-1000 | |
Lithium Nickel Oxide (LNO) | 3.6V | Kiʻekiʻe | Haʻahaʻa | Kiʻekiʻe | Haʻahaʻa | ʻAʻohe ʻikepili | |
Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) | 3.2V | Kauwaena | Kiʻekiʻe | Haʻahaʻa | Kiʻekiʻe | 1200-1500 | |
ʻO ka Aluminum Nikela Kobalta (NCA) | 3.6V | Kiʻekiʻe | Kauwaena | Kauwaena | Haʻahaʻa | ≥500 800-1200 | |
Nikela Kobalta Manganese (NCM) | 3.6V | Kiʻekiʻe | Kiʻekiʻe | Kauwaena | Haʻahaʻa | ≥1000 800-1200 |
●Nā mea electrode maikaʻi ʻole:Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka graphite.Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka metala lithium, lithium alloy, silicon-carbon negative electrode, oxide negative electrode material, etc.
● Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo ka lithium iron phosphate ke kumu kūʻai maikaʻi loa o ka electrode.
2.4 Hoʻohālikelike ʻano ʻano pākaukau lithium-ion
![ʻO ka pilahi lithium-ion cylindrical](http://www.cyclemixcn.com/uploads/Cylindrical-lithium-ion-battery.jpg)
ʻO ka pilahi lithium-ion cylindrical
![Pākuʻi Li-ion Prismatic](http://www.cyclemixcn.com/uploads/Prismatic-Li-ion-Battery.jpg)
Pākuʻi Li-ion Prismatic
![Pihi pākahi lithium ion](http://www.cyclemixcn.com/uploads/Button-lithium-ion-battery.jpg)
Pihi pākahi lithium ion
![Pākuʻi lithium-ion ʻano kūikawā](http://www.cyclemixcn.com/uploads/Special-shaped-lithium-ion-battery.jpg)
Pākuʻi lithium-ion ʻano kūikawā
![pāʻani pāʻani palupalu](http://www.cyclemixcn.com/uploads/Soft-pack-battery.jpg)
pāʻani pāʻani palupalu
● Nā ʻano hana maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia no nā pihi uila kaʻa:pōʻalo a me ka ʻeke palupalu
● ʻO ka pahu lithium cylindrical:
● Pono: ʻenehana makua, haʻahaʻa kumu kūʻai, liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi ikehu, maʻalahi e hoʻomalu, hoʻopau wela maikaʻi
● Nā pōʻino:ka heluna nui o nā pūʻolo pila, kaumaha kaumaha, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa
● Pākuʻi lithium pahu palupalu:
● Pono: ʻO ke ʻano hana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ʻoi aku ka lahilahi, ʻoi aku ka māmā, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ikehu, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻano like ʻole i ka wā e hana ai i kahi pā pākaukau
● Nā pōʻino:maikaʻi ʻole ka hana holoʻokoʻa o ka pahu pākaukau (kūlike), ʻaʻole kū i nā wela kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole maʻalahi e hoʻohālikelike, kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe
● He aha ke ʻano i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no nā pā lithium?ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻohe pane piha, pili nui ia i ka noi
● Inā makemake ʻoe i ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa a me ka hana holoʻokoʻa maikaʻi: cylindrical lithium battery > soft-pack lithium battery
● Inā makemake ʻoe i ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, māmā, kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu nui: ʻo ka pahu liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi > pahu lithium cylindrical
2.5 Hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Lithium Battery
![ʻO ka hoʻolālā pākaukau Lithium kaʻa uila](http://www.cyclemixcn.com/uploads/Electric-motorcycle-Lithium-battery-structure.jpg)
● 18650: Hōʻike ka 18mm i ke anawaena o ka pākaukau, hōʻike ka 65mm i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pākaukau, hōʻike ka 0 i ke ʻano cylindrical, a laila
● Ka helu ʻana o 12v20ah pākahiko lithium: E noʻonoʻo ʻoe he 3.7V (4.2v ke hoʻopiha piha ʻia) ke kaha helu o ka pā uila 18650 (2ah)
● No ka loaʻa ʻana o 12v, pono ʻoe i 3 18650 mau pihi (12/3.7≈3)
● No ka loaʻa ʻana o 20ah, 20/2=10, pono ʻoe i 10 mau pūʻulu o nā ʻeke, kēlā me kēia me 3 12V.
● 3 ma ka moʻo he 12V, 10 ma ka like like ʻo 20ah, ʻo ia hoʻi, 12v20ah (ʻo ka huina o 30 18650 mau kelepona e koi ʻia)
● I ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, e kahe ana ke ʻano mai ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole i ka electrode maikaʻi
● I ka wā e hoʻouka ai, e kahe ana ke kahe mai ka electrode maikaʻi i ka electrode ʻino
3. Hoʻohālikelike ma waena o ka Battery Lithium, Lead-acid Battery a me Graphene Battery
Hoʻohālikelike | ʻO ka pilahi lithium | ʻAkika-ʻakika | Bati graphene |
Kumukuai | Kiʻekiʻe | Haʻahaʻa | Kauwaena |
Mea palekana | Haʻahaʻa | Kiʻekiʻe | Kiʻekiʻe |
Volume a me ke kaumaha | Nui liʻiliʻi, kaumaha māmā | Nui nui a kaumaha kaumaha | Nui ka leo, ʻoi aku ke kaumaha ma mua o ka pākaukau lead-acid |
Ola pila | Kiʻekiʻe | Maʻamau | ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka pākaukau lead-acid, haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka pā lithium |
Kau ola | 4 makahiki (Lithium ternary: 800-1200 manawa lithium hao phosphate: 1200-1500 manawa) | 3 makahiki (3-500 manawa) | 3 makahiki (>500 manawa) |
Lawelawe | Hiki a maʻalahi ke lawe | ʻAʻole hiki ke uku ʻia | ʻAʻole hiki ke uku ʻia |
Hoʻoponopono | ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoponopono | Hiki ke hoʻoponopono | Hiki ke hoʻoponopono |
● ʻAʻohe pane paʻa i ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pākaukau no nā kaʻa uila.ʻO ka mea nui e pili ana i ke koi ʻana i nā pihi.
● Ma ke ʻano o ke ola pākaukau a me ke ola: pākaukau lithium > graphene > acid lead.
● Ma keʻano o ke kumu kūʻai a me ka palekana: lead acid > graphene > lithium battery.
● Ma ke ʻano o ka lawe ʻana: lithium battery > lead acid = graphene.
4. Nā palapala hōʻoia pili i ka pākaukau
● Lead-acid pākahiko: Inā hele ka pahu pahu-acid i ka haʻalulu, ka ʻokoʻa o ke kaomi, a me nā hoʻokolohua wela 55 °C, hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka lawe ukana maʻamau.Inā ʻaʻole i hala i nā hoʻāʻo ʻekolu, ua helu ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he ʻano waiwai 8 (nā mea corrosive)
● Aia nā palapala hōʻoia maʻamau:
●Hōʻoiaʻiʻo no ka lawe palekana ʻana i nā waiwai kemika(ka ea/kai kai);
●MSDS(PEPA PALAPALA PALAPALA MATERIAL);
● Bateri Lithium: hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma ke ʻano he papa 9 mau mea weliweli i waho
● Aia nā palapala hōʻoia maʻamau: UN38.3, UN3480.
●UN38.3hōʻike nānā palekana
●UN3480pūʻolo pākahi lithium-ion
●UN3481ʻO ka pākaukau lithium-ion i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā lako a i ʻole ka pā uila uila lithium a me nā mea hana i hoʻopili pū ʻia (ke keʻena waiwai ʻino like)
●UN3171kaʻa paʻa kaʻa a i ʻole nā mea hana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka pākaukau (hoʻokomo ʻia ka pākahi i loko o ke kaʻa, ke keʻena waiwai ʻino like)
5. Pilikia Bateri
● Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻakika Lead-acid no ka manawa lōʻihi, a ʻo nā pilina metala i loko o ka pākaukau e hiki ke nahā, e hoʻopōkole ai a me ka puhi ʻana.ʻO nā pākahi Lithium ma luna o ke ola lawelawe, a ke ʻelemakule nei ke kumu o ka pākaukau, hiki ke maʻalahi i nā pōkole pōkole a me nā wela kiʻekiʻe.
![ʻO nā ʻanuʻu kepau-ʻakika](http://www.cyclemixcn.com/uploads/Lead-acid-batteries.jpg)
Nā Bateri Lead-acid
![pākahi lithium](http://www.cyclemixcn.com/uploads/lithium-battery.jpg)
Bati Lithium
● Hoʻololi ʻole ʻia: Hoʻololi nā mea hoʻohana i ke kaapuni pākahi me ka ʻole o ka ʻae ʻia, e pili ana i ka hana palekana o ke kaapuni uila o ke kaʻa.ʻO ka hoʻololi kūpono ʻole ke kumu o ke kaapuni kaʻa i ka hoʻomāhuahua ʻana, ke kaumaha, ka wela, a me ka pōkole.
![ʻO nā ʻeke ʻeke-ʻakika 2](http://www.cyclemixcn.com/uploads/Lead-acid-batteries-2.jpg)
Nā Bateri Lead-acid
![pākaukau lithium 2](http://www.cyclemixcn.com/uploads/lithium-battery-2.jpg)
Bati Lithium
● ʻAʻole hāʻule ka charger.Inā waiho ʻia ke kaʻa i loko o ke kaʻa no ka manawa lōʻihi a haʻalulu, maʻalahi ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā capacitors a me nā resistors i loko o ke kaʻa, hiki ke alakaʻi maʻalahi i ka overcharging o ka pākaukau.ʻO ka lawe ʻana i ka charger hewa hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hoʻolimalima.
![ʻAʻole hāʻule ka charger](http://www.cyclemixcn.com/uploads/Charger-failure-293x300.jpg)
● Hōʻike ʻia nā kaʻa uila i ka lā.I ke kauwela, kiʻekiʻe ka mahana a ʻaʻole kūpono ke kau ʻana i nā kaʻa uila ma waho i ka lā.E piʻi mau ana ka mahana i loko o ka pākaukau.Inā hoʻopaʻa koke ʻoe i ka pākaukau ma hope o ka hoʻi ʻana i ka home mai ka haʻalele ʻana i ka hana, e piʻi mau ana ka mahana i loko o ka pākaukau.Ke hiki i ka wela koʻikoʻi, maʻalahi ke hoʻā wale.
![Nā paikikala uila i ʻike ʻia i ka lā](http://www.cyclemixcn.com/uploads/Electric-bicycles-exposed-to-the-sun-225x300.jpg)
● Hiki maʻalahi ke pulu i ka wai i nā kaʻa kaʻa uila i ka ua nui.ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā pākahi Lithium ma hope o ka pulu ʻana i ka wai.Pono e hoʻoponopono hou ʻia nā kaʻa uwila pahu-acid i loko o kahi hale kūʻai hoʻoponopono ma hope o ka pulu ʻana i ka wai.
![ʻO nā kaʻa kaʻa uila hiki ke pulu i ka wai i ka wā ua nui](http://www.cyclemixcn.com/uploads/Electric-motorcycles-are-easily-soaked-in-water-during-heavy-rain.jpg)
6. Ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā Bateri a me nā mea ʻē aʻe
● Hōʻalo i ka hoʻokuʻu nui ʻana a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka pila
Ka hoʻolimalima ʻana:ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻohana ʻia nā puʻu hoʻoili no ka hoʻouka ʻana ma Kina.Ke hoʻopiha piha ʻia, e hoʻopau ʻia ka mana mana.Ke hoʻouka ʻia me ka charger, e hemo ʻokoʻa ka mana ke hoʻopiha piha ʻia.Ma waho aʻe o nā loina maʻamau me ka ʻole o ka mana hoʻopihapiha piha, ke hoʻopiha piha ʻia, e hoʻomau lākou i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana me kahi au liʻiliʻi, e hoʻopilikia i ke ola no ka manawa lōʻihi;
ʻOi aku ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana:Manaʻo pinepine ʻia e hoʻopaʻa i ka pākaukau inā he 20% ka mana i koe.ʻO ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana me ka mana haʻahaʻa no ka manawa lōʻihi e hoʻemi ʻia ka pākaukau ma lalo o ka volta, a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopiʻi ʻia.Pono e hoʻā hou ʻia, a ʻaʻole paha e hoʻāla ʻia.
● E hōʻalo i ka hoʻohana ʻana ma nā kūlana wela kiʻekiʻe a haʻahaʻa.E hoʻoikaika ka wela kiʻekiʻe i ka hopena kemika a hoʻoulu i ka wela nui.Ke piʻi ka wela i kekahi waiwai koʻikoʻi, e hoʻopau ʻia ka pākaukau a pahū.
● Hōʻalo i ka hoʻopiʻi wikiwiki, ka mea e hoʻololi ai i ka hale o loko a me ka paʻa ʻole.I ka manawa like, e wela ka pākaukau a hoʻopilikia i ke ola pākaukau.E like me nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻāpana lithium like ʻole, no ka 20A lithium manganese oxide pākahiko, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka charger 5A a me ka charger 4A ma lalo o nā ʻano like o ka hoʻohana ʻana, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka charger 5A e hoʻemi i ka pōʻai ma kahi o 100 mau manawa.
●Inā ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia ke kaʻa uila no ka manawa lōʻihi, e hoʻāʻo e hoʻopaʻa iā ia i hoʻokahi manawa i ka pule a i ʻole kēlā me kēia 15 lā.ʻO ka pākaukau lead-acid ponoʻī e hoʻopau ma kahi o 0.5% o kona mana ponoʻī i kēlā me kēia lā.E ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ke kau ʻia ma kahi kaʻa hou.
E hoʻopau pū ʻia ka mana o nā pākahi Lithium.Inā ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka pākaukau no ka manawa lōʻihi, e lilo ana ia i kahi kūlana o ka mana a hiki ʻole ke hoʻohana ʻia ka pila.
Pono e hoʻouka ʻia kahi pākaukau hou ʻaʻole i wehe ʻia i hoʻokahi manawa no ka ʻoi aku100 lā.
●Inā lōʻihi ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka pākaukauka manawa a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ka pākaukau lead-acid me ka electrolyte a i ʻole ka wai e nā poʻe loea e hoʻomau i ka hoʻohana ʻia no kekahi manawa, akā ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau, ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻololi pololei i ka pākaukau hou.ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia ka pākaukau lithium.Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻololi pololei i ka pākaukau hou.
●Pilikia hoʻoili: Pono e hoʻohana ka charger i kahi kumu hoʻohālike.ʻAʻole hiki iā 60V ke hoʻopaʻa i nā pihi 48V, ʻaʻole hiki i ka 60V lead-acid ke hoʻopaʻa i nā pā lithium 60V, aʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana like ʻia nā mea hoʻoili ʻana i ke kēpau-acid a me nā mea hoʻoili pākahi lithium.
Inā ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka manawa e hoʻopaʻa ai ma mua o ka maʻamau, ʻōlelo ʻia e wehe i ke kaula hoʻoili a hoʻōki i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana.E noʻonoʻo inā he deformed a pohō paha ka pākaukau.
●Ke ola o ka pilahi = ka uila × ka ʻaʻa uila × ka māmā ÷ ka mana kaʻa ʻAʻole kūpono kēia ʻano kumu no nā ʻano hoʻohālike a pau, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻano kaʻa mana kiʻekiʻe.Hoʻohui ʻia me ka ʻikepili hoʻohana o ka hapa nui o nā mea hoʻohana wahine, penei ke ʻano:
48V lithium pākaukau, 1A = 2.5km, 60V lithium pākaukau, 1A = 3km, 72V lithium pākaukau, 1A = 3.5km, lead-acid ma kahi o 10% ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka pā lithium.
Hiki ke holo ka pila 48V i 2.5 mau kilomita no ka ampere (48V20A 20×2.5=50 kilomita)
Hiki iā 60V pākaukau ke holo i 3 mau kilomita no ka ampere (60V20A 20×3=60 kilomita)
Hiki ke holo ka pila 72V i 3.5 mau kilomita no ka ampere (72V20A 20×3.5=70 kilomita)
●ʻO ka hiki o ka pākaukau/ka A o ka mea hoʻoili ua like ia me ka manawa hoʻouka, ka manawa e hoʻouka ai = ka nui o ka pākaukau / ka mea hoʻoili He helu, no ka laʻana 20A / 4A = 5 mau hola, akā no ka mea e lohi ka hoʻouka ʻana ma hope o ka hoʻouka ʻana iā 80% (e hoʻemi ka pulse i ka manawa), no laila ua kākau ʻia ʻo 5-6 hola a i ʻole 6-7 hola (no ka ʻinikua)